Intracranial emergencies in neurosurgical oncology: pathophysiology and clinical management

Emergency Cancer Care

Table 7 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Score	Eyes (E)	Verbal (V)	Motor (M)
6			Follows command
5		Oriented and appropriate	Localizes to pain
4	Eyes open spontaneously	Confused	Withdraws to pain
3	Eyes open to verbal command	Incoherent words	Decorticate positioning
2	Eyes open to pain	Incomprehensible sounds	Decerebrate positioning
1	No eye opening	Not verbal	No movement to pain

The GCS is scored between 3 and 15, 3 being the worst and 15 the best. It is composed of three parameters: eye response (E), verbal response (V), and motor response (M). Each component should be recorded individually. A score of 13 or higher represents mild brain injury. Scores of 9–12 and of 8 or lower represent severe and moderate injury, respectively

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