Palliative care models for patients living with advanced cancer: a narrative review for the emergency department clinician

Table 1 Characteristics of models of care in advanced cancer, regardless of prognosis

Service	Intensity	Reimbursement	Evidence base	Technical requirements	Patient/family burden
Inpatient palliative care	High	Established	Strong	Low	Low
Outpatient palliative care	Low	Established	Strong	Low	Moderate
Telehealth-based palliative care	Variable	Developing	Weak	Moderate	Variable
Home-based palliative care (HBPC)	Variable	Developing	Weak	Variable	Variable
Community paramedicine (CP)	Variable	Undeveloped	Weak	Low	Variable
General inpatient (GIP) or continuous care (CC) hospice	High	Established	Strong	Low	Low
Home hospice	Low	Established	Strong	Low	High

Intensity: level of intensity refers to level of monitoring and support provided to patient by paid healthcare team (e.g. high intensity is comparable to inpatient care) [110]. Reimbursement: reimbursement evaluated based on whether Medicare beneficiaries have complete coverage (developed), incomplete coverage (developing) or not covered (undeveloped) [104]. Evidence base: model of care has been tested in randomized controlled trials and shown benefits to patient-centered outcomes [111]. Technical requirements: defined as whether care requires a telehealth device, software and/or Internet connection [112]. Patient/family burden: the level of family burden was defined as models in which a caregiver must provide the majority (high burden) or the minority (low burden) or care to the patient under the supervision of a healthcare team [111, 113]

ISSN: 2731-4790